When was monetarism introduced

Others take the opportunity to examine Brunner-Meltzer monetarism through the lens of contemporary macroeconomics and monetary models. The book grows out of a symposium that marked the th anniversary of Brunner's birth. Ernst Baltensperger, Michael D. Friedman, Kevin D. Hoover, Thomas J. Jordan, David Laidler, Allan H. Search Search. Search Advanced Search close Close. Jordan Economists consider the legacy of Karl Brunner's monetarism and its influence on current debates over monetary policy.

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List of Partners vendors. Monetarism is a macroeconomic theory which states that governments can foster economic stability by targeting the growth rate of the money supply. Essentially, it is a set of views based on the belief that the total amount of money in an economy is the primary determinant of economic growth. Monetarism is an economic school of thought which states that the supply of money in an economy is the primary driver of economic growth.

As the availability of money in the system increases, aggregate demand for goods and services goes up. An increase in aggregate demand encourages job creation, which reduces the rate of unemployment and stimulates economic growth. Monetary policy , an economic tool used in monetarism, is implemented to adjust interest rates that, in turn, control the money supply.

When interest rates are increased, people have more of an incentive to save than to spend, thereby reducing or contracting the money supply. Contrarily, when interest rates are lowered following an expansionary monetary scheme, the cost of borrowing decreases, which means people can borrow more and spend more, thereby stimulating the economy.

Monetarism is closely associated with economist Milton Friedman , who argued, based on the quantity theory of money , that the government should keep the money supply fairly steady, expanding it slightly each year to allow for the natural growth of the economy. Due to the inflationary effects that can be brought about by the excessive expansion of the money supply, Friedman, who formulated the theory of monetarism, asserted that monetary policy should be done by targeting the growth rate of the money supply to maintain economic and price stability.

In his book, A Monetary History of the United States — , Friedman proposed a fixed growth rate called the K-percent rule , suggesting that money supply should grow at a constant annual rate tied to the growth of nominal gross domestic product GDP and be expressed as a fixed percentage per year.

This way, the money supply will be expected to grow moderately, businesses will be able to anticipate the changes to the money supply every year and plan accordingly, the economy will grow at a steady rate, and inflation will be kept at low levels. Central to monetarism is the "quantity theory of money," which monetarists adopted from earlier economic theories and integrated into the general Keynesian framework of macroeconomics.

The quantity theory of money can be summarized in the equation of exchange , formulated by John Stuart Mill, which states that the money supply, multiplied by the rate at which money is spent per year, equals the nominal expenditures in the economy. The formula is given as:. A key point to note is that monetarists believe that changes to M money supply are the driver of the equation. In short, a change in M directly affects and determines employment, inflation P , and production Q.

In the original version of the quantity theory of money, V is held to be constant, but this assumption was dropped by John Maynard Keynes and is not assumed by the monetarists, who instead believe that V is easily predictable.

Economic growth is a function of economic activity Q and inflation P. If V is constant or at least predictable , then an increase or decrease in M will lead to an increase or decrease in either P or Q. An increase in P denotes that Q will remain constant, while an increase in Q means that P will be relatively constant.

According to monetarism, variations in the money supply will affect price levels over the long term and economic output in the short term. A change in the money supply, therefore, will directly determine prices, production, and employment.

The view that velocity is constant is a source of contention among Keynesians, who believe that velocity should not be constant since the economy is volatile and subject to periodic instability.

Instead, Keynes' liquidity preference theory emphasizes how changes in money demand and thus velocity influence the price level and aggregate demand. Monetarism builds on the Keynesian theory by assuming the same macroeconomic framework and integrating the equation of exchange with V swinging cyclically, as Keynes argued , but instead focuses on the role played by money supply.

Because they believe that V can be relatively easily predicted, monetarists argue that the equation of exchange could be resuscitated as an approach to stabilization policy , and they favor the use of monetary policy to do so. Proponents of monetarism generally believe that controlling an economy through fiscal policy is a poor decision because it necessarily introduces microeconomic distortions that reduce economic efficiency.

They prefer monetary policy as a tool to manage aggregate demand in a way that will be more neutral from a microeconomics standpoint and that avoids the deadweight losses and social costs that fiscal policy creates in markets. Monetarism gained prominence in the s, a decade characterized by high and rising inflation and slow economic growth.

The policies of monetarism were responsible for bringing down inflation in the United States and the United Kingdom. After U. During this time period, economists , governments, and investors eagerly jumped at every new money supply statistic.

In general, monetary policy can be characterized as contractionary or expansionary. Contractionary monetary policy is when the Fed reduces inflation by raising the federal funds rate or decreasing the money supply. Expansionary monetary policy works by expanding the money supply faster than usual or lowering short-term interest rates.

In the years that followed, however, monetarism fell out of favor with many economists, as the link between different measures of money supply and inflation proved to be less clear than most monetarist theories had suggested. In addition, monetarism's ability to explain the U.

Many central banks today have stopped setting monetary targets and instead have adopted strict inflation targets. Although most modern economists reject the emphasis on money growth that monetarists purported in the past, some core tenets of the theory have become a mainstay in nonmonetarist analysis.

One of the most important of these ideas is that inflation cannot continue indefinitely without increases in the money supply. In addition, it is the responsibility although not the primary goal of the central bank to control inflation.

That being said, monetarist interpretations of past economic events are still relevant today. Ben Bernanke, former Fed Chairman, cited the work of Friedman in his decision to lower interest rates and increase the U.

In Friedman's seminal work, A Monetary History of the United States, —, which he wrote with fellow economist Anna Schwartz, the two economists argued that failed monetary policy executed by the Federal Reserve was responsible for the Great Depression in the U.

In the view of Friedman and Schwartz, the Fed failed to relieve downward pressure on the money supply, and their eventual actions to reduce the money supply were the opposite of what they should have done.

According to Friedman and Schwartz, markets tend towards a stable center; markets will behave erratically if the money supply is not properly set. In , when Paul Volcker became the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, he made combatting inflation the primary goal of the central bank. In keeping with Friedman and Schwartz's recommendations, Volcker restricted the money supply in order to do this.

At this time, this strategy for fighting stagflation high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand was successful. Volcker's policies drastically reduced the money supply, consumers stopped purchasing as much, and businesses stopped raising prices. However, while this caused inflation to greatly decline, it resulted in a big recession the recession. During the same time period, Britain was also struggling with severe inflation. When Margaret Thatcher was elected prime minister in , she also implemented a set of monetarist policies to combat the rising prices in the country.

However, the popularity of monetarism was relatively brief.